１．NPIに観察される様々な事実 Kato (2001) Sophia Symposium on Negationにおける口頭発表
C-command
(9) a. No one has hit anyone.
b. Anybody has been hit by no one.
(10) a. Mary didn’t see anything.
b. Anybody didn’t come.
(11) a. I gave no one anything.
b. I gave anyone nothing.
(12) a. Nobody mentioned any problems.
b. Any problems, nobody mentioned.
Depth asymmetry
(22) a. Any doctor was not available.
b. A doctor who knew anything about acupuncture was not available.
(23) a. Any solution, I have not been able to find.
b. A solution that is any better, I have not been able to find.
(24) a. Anything I had not expected.
b. That John would do anything at all, I had not expected.
２．Huddleston and Pullum (2002:379-)
non-affirmative anyとfree choice any
(a) Non-affirmative any
Anynは、someと同じく比率をあらわす場合とそうでない場合がある。そしてこのanyは、肯定文以外に現れる（典型的には否定平叙文と疑問文）。
比率をあらわさない用法の例
[32] i There aren’t any letters for you.
ii We don’t need any sugar.
iii I haven’t got any job lined up for you today, I’m afraid.
可算名詞の単数形が使われるのは、比較的に頻度が低い。これは、aが極性表現でなく、否定文に使われるためではないか。よって著者は、I haven’t got any carよりもI haven’t got a carを普通であると判断する。I haven’t got any carは、私が車を持っていると思っている相手への強調的な返答に使われる。
可算名詞・不可算名詞の区別があいまいな名詞は、anyが単数で出る。
They didn’t make any attempt to justify their decision.
They didn’t make an attempt. to justify their decision.
They didn’t make much attempt to justify their decision.
比率をあらわす用法の例
[33] i I don’t think any people left early.
ii I don’t think any candidate expressed a view on this issue.
iii I don’t think any cheese is made from goat’s milk.
anynは、普通強勢がない。ただし否定の焦点になるときは強く読む。
I don’t think ANY people left early.
anynの持つ否定の意味は、at all, whateverを付け加えて強調することができる。
We hadn’t made any progress at all / whatever.
(b) Free choice any
[34] i Any computers with defective keyboards should be returned.
ii Any policeman will be able to tell you.
iii Any remaining dirt will have to be removed.
anyに後続する名詞は、複数であってもよい。
anyとall, everyの違い
Come on, anyone, join me up here on the stage. (asking for one volunteer)
Come on, everyone, join me up here on the stage. (asking for everyone in the audience to come up on the stage)
このanyは必ず強勢を持つ。
このanyは否定文に使われても良い。
[35] i [We don’t publish anyn letters:] we only accept commissioned articles.
ii [We don’t publish just anyf letters:] we reject more than half of those submitted.
このanyはalmostによって修飾されても良い。
[36] i Jan will read [almost anyf computer magazines.]
ii *Jan couldn’t find [almost anyn computer magazines] in the shop.
